Effect of urbanization on natural groundwater recharge within Hanoi city - a case study of Long Bien district
Abstract
Extensive groundwater withdrawal in Hanoi during the last decades resulted in significant depletion of aquifer storages, which has been recorded at various locations in the Hanoi city. In conditions of rapid decrease of subsurface water resources efficient groundwater management is critical. This implies the necessity of precise evaluation of natural recharge as well as its sensitivity to various factors caused by area urbanization and prediction of its response to future land cover and land use changes. The study area is Long Bien - the district of Hanoi which is supposed to experience a significant development in near future. In this study, an instrument for numerical simulations that provided a possibility to account for various surface as well as subsurface characteristics of the territory in simulations, the GSFLOW model has been used. Scenarios of the Long Bien area development have been built according to the city development master plans and considered changes in land surface parameters that have been expected to affect on runoff formation and infiltration factors. The results of the study showed that recharge from the surface is a minor component in the groundwater budget of the area as it covers only a quarter of groundwater abstraction. Application of land cover change scenarios showed an important role of surface factors on the groundwater recharge, which can be reduced significantly. However absolute values of the reduction are negligibly small in comparison with total inflows and outflow to the adjacent aquifer. The study results confirmed unimportant effect of land cover changes on the groundwater balance within the district of Long Bien, however the estimated values can be significant for other areas in Hanoi that not located in vicinity of large river channels and should be considered in water resources management of the city.
Keywords: Urbanization, Precipitation-Runoff modeling, Modular Groundwater Flow, Hanoi City.
Received: October 5th, 2017; revised: October 30th,2017; accepted: November 2nd, 2017
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